About A Knight Named Gigemar University Essay Example

It begins with the very first Lays named Guigemar and it was very interesting to read. It’s about a knight named Guigemar and is believed to be the best knight where he lives. Since he is a very good knight he is loved by a lot of women but he is unable to love any of them back for some reason which is important to know. He didn’t believe in love perhaps. The king sends him away to another land to serve for another king. But one day he decides to come home and wants to go hunting with his other knights. While hunting he runs into a beautiful white deer that almost looked magical so he shoots an arrow at the deer and hits him, but the arrow also ricochets off the white deer and hits Guigemar in the leg and wounds him. As the deer is dying he tells the knight, you will never be able to fix your injury unless you find a woman to suffer for but in other words a woman to love.

This is when Guigemar realizes he has never met a woman he actually loved. As he wonders around the woods he stumbles upon a ship and decides to search it. After he is on it he realizes it is empty so he decides to rest on a bed found inside, which is a mistake. The story shifts to a different setting where there is another king who is married. But the wife is locked away because the king doesn’t want her to cheat on him since she is very beautiful. The only person with the queen is a maiden and the only way to get to the queen is by sea. One day they see a boat has arrived at their land and the maiden searches it where she finds an injured Guigemar. So the queen decides to nurse him back to health where they both fall in love. But stubbornly won’t admit it to each other but finally Guigemar does admit his love and they have an affair for one year and a half.

Until they are caught but before they were caught the queen tied a knot in Guigemar’s shirt and said anyone who can untie this knot can have you and the knight ties a chastity belt around the queen saying the same thing. The king then lets Guigemar leave without dying and he returns back home. The story shifts to the locked-up queen who spends the next two years very suicidal. As she goes to kill herself she finds a ship which takes her to a different land. When the king of the land named Meriaduc searches the ship he immediately falls in love with the queen. She tells him she can only love a man that can take off her chastity belt. This certain test reminds the king of a similar situation he has heard of and that is of Guigemar and his shirt and he tells the queen. When she hears this, she faints and when she is unconscious the king tries to take the belt off but fails.

Which in my opinion is very disgusting of this king. The king invites Guigemar to his castle to see if his accusations were correct. The king tells the queen to attempt to untie the knights knot and she does very easily. She then tells Guigemar of the ship and how she got there and so Guigemar asks the king to allow him to take his love back promising to fight for him in the war. Meriaduc tells the knights no to giving up the queen so Guigemar goes to Meriaduc’s enemy and fights for him and they end up starving Meriaduc’s whole town and Guigemar kills him and he is reunited with the love of his life. The next Lais in the book is called Equitan. This one was a good read too but also very upsetting because it’s about a king and a cheating wife.

The king’s name is Equitan. This king has a seneschal who is very loyal to him. But the king hears about this seneschal’s wife who is supposedly very beautiful. He decides to go to his seneschals’ home where he finds his wife and immediately falls in love contemplating whether or not to admit his love to the wife. Equitan finally convinces himself that the affair would be worth it to have her love. The next day as he goes out to hunt he has to go back because he feels very sick. This is when the king confesses his love for her but the wife says she cannot be with him because he is a king with so much power and that once they sleep together he will leave her. The king tells her he will not and that she is the one who will be in power if they get together and then she agrees. After a long time of being in secret the kingdom starts asking why the king doesn’t have a wife and that he should find one when the wife hears this she confronts the king saying he is going to leave her now but the king tells her he won’t leave her and that he would marry her if the seneschal died.

The wife suggests killing her husband and comes up with a plan. She tells Equitan to ask the seneschal to go hunting with him and to ask him to take a bath with him. The wife will make sure her husband’s water is boiling water so he would die when he is inside it. The king agrees and the king asks his seneschal to hunt with him. While the wife is making the baths, they decide to have sex and they are caught. The king is so surprised that he jumps into the bath with boiling water to hide and dies. The seneschal is so upset that he throws his wife into the water where she dies too. I really thought the ending on this lais was justified because I would have done the same thing if I was the seneschal.

The fifth lay was actually my favorite one. It’s called Les Deux Amanz. The setting was by a huge mountain which is very important to take note of considering how the story goes. A king builds a kingdom right next to this huge mountain. This same king also has a daughter who he is very attached to because he wife had died and he wanted to protect and be close to her. He then starts to hear his court talk about how weird it was that he was so overprotective of his daughter. So he makes an announcement that shocks everyone which is, anyone who can climb to the top of the mountain while carrying his daughter will be able to marry her. Men from all over come to try but none could do it. One young man who visits the king falls in love with the princess and she falls in love with him too so they start a secret affair. But the girl notices he is very weak and wouldn’t be able to pass her father’s test.

The girl suggest he drinks a strength potion to complete the task and she will starve herself to make it easier for him. The young man agrees and gets the potion and then asks the king to marry his daughter. The king can see that the boy is weak but he agrees and tells everyone to come and watch. The day comes and the boy starts to climb up the mountain while carrying the girl and at the same time the girl carries the potion so she can pour it into his mouth when he needs it. He makes it about halfway and the girl tells him he should take the potion now but he refuses. He makes it two-thirds of the way, and she continues to beg him to take the potion, but again he refuses. He makes it to the top but immediately dies from the struggle to the top. The girl lies down next to him and is so sad that she dies too. The king finds them and decided to bury them there on the mountain top.

Martin Luther King Jr. Speech Of “The Three Evils Of Society” Analysis

Our world is still evil: We are in a world where we are submerged in the evils. One wise man, a social activist delivered at the National Conference on New Politics August 31, 1967. He argues that we as a nation how to do better not just as a country but I’m a deeper layer as the people in our country. Dr. King starts his argument with a gracious amount of logic with great ideas and views. In his speech, Dr. King set out in front of us with an emotional and logically insight of the three evils of society. On May 10, 1967 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. took a stance at the Hungry Club in front of blacks and whites located inside the Butler Street YMCA in Atlanta. Dr. King shed light onto the three evils of society and how they are a norm in America. But he will stand up for what is right amongst the African American community.

Racism was the first topic of discussion and how this is something we are currently enduring in 2018. Dr. King second evil viewed was poverty, yes poverty the unemployment rate was at an all-time high in which it causes crime to also rise at an alarming rate. Dr. Kings third evil viewed was war. The War has cause America to become emotionless and numb to our fellow Americans especially the African American brothers and sisters. Killing our own unprivileged citizens by placing our military demands above their most critical needs. This goes to show how the three evils of society all tie in together one way or another.

Throughout his speech Dr. King uses many strong statements his logic and appeal to logos, as well builds his agreement and vision. He points out that even in the early 60’s when civil right act began, it has grown longer and longer across America. “Freedom is spreading in the wildest liberation.” There has been a statement that was said by Arnold Toynesbee he states, “you call your thousand material devices labor saving machinery, yet you are forever busy.” This is an example as to why there are so many laborious projects that president Trump has for us hints: building a wall to keep immigrants out yet its immigrants that will most likely be building the wall. Dr. King had a way to logically think of way to end poverty and it only makes since because if African Americans had access to the same resources and opportunities as other more fortunate poverty percentages will drop drastically.

“The way to end poverty is to end the exploitation of the poor, ensure them a fair share of government services and the nations resources.” We also fail in the aspect of what’s important and what’s not in society, we watch what is fed to us on the television and not what’s directly in front of our eyes. “We must devote at least as much to our children’s education and health of the poor as we do to the care of our automobiles and building of beautiful, impressive hotels.” “We are called to play the Good Samaritan on life’s road side, but that will only be an initial act.” This is a great example of what it means for all people are created equal. Meaning it all starts with us as people and ends with us. It starts with a small smile as 2 people make eye contact to helping to elderly across the street.

Along with the strong views to logos, Dr. King also makes appeals to pathos all throughout his speech. “Now it is hard to escape, the disillusionment and betrayal. Our hope have been blasted and our dreams have been shatter.” We as a nation have been promised a Great Nation and we have been let down on several accounts. Let’s take President Trumps slogan “Make American Great Again” he says this over and over with nothing to show for it but a lot of hate and discontent. He is doing nothing for our country but reminding use why we need people like Martin Luther King Jr. When Dr. King would spook his voice moved people and got things done. He was a leader he used a part of a popular slavery hymn “ain’t gonna let nobody turn us around.” And Dr. King stood behind that. He marched for something he believed and did not let nobody turn him around.

“Yes, the hour is dark, evil comes fourth in the guise of good” Guise is another word for appearance or manner. Let’s think about when Hillary and Trump went toe to toe during the election, we were provided with no choice but, “who’s the least of both evil?” Dr. King made a statement that makes you wonder if this man was a prophet. “Negro 100% of a citizen in Warfare but reduce him to 50% of citizen on American soil.” Till this very day African Americans endure this very same issue. Men that have fought in the war struggle to get decent care after they have served their country. “The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light.” In other word Stay Woke. The details and logic the build his appeal to logos and reaches out to the reader that Dr. King in fact had made several good points of views that this movement is worth moving.

Additionally, Dr. King showed us that America have mislead us as a nation because we entrusted in the government when in fact the have shown us nothing be “betrayal” “deception” “bad faith.” “Racism” this is one word no one want to admit to but is clearly surrounding us. Racism is taught not hereditary. “White backlash” is an actual or hypothetical negative response of whit people to racial progress. “Racial Injustice” is freely shown all over even on the television. You could have two men one white and one black commit the same crime and both with no criminal record, due to the color of their skin that will determine their destiny. We as a nation continue to uplift each other, improve socially, culturally, and morally. This is very important and Dr. King expresses this as a “Social Uplift.” The tone of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr speech is to motivate the reader and make a change in this word for all races.

Throughout Dr. King’s speech he begins with his appeal to logos with all his great views on civil rights and the three evils of society He fought for equal rights for the negro man with equal opportunities. Dr. King go furthermore into the wall that the negro man must endure. A few being betrayal, racial injustice, white backlash, and social uplifting. Then, Dr. King goes on to show his appeal to Ethos showing his readers that poverty is the first evil of society out of the three. He guides us down the path that African Americans and lower income individuals have it harder due to poverty exploitation and inability to national resources. This speech of the three evils of society have grabbed my attention because Dr. King was fully aware of our struggles we were enduring then and able to see the very same struggles that we are currently facing. Dr. King knew the three evils.

Work cited

  1. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. “The Three Evils of Society.” SCRIBD. https://www.scribd.com/doc/134362247/Martin-Luther-King-Jr-The-Three-Evils-of-Society-1967. 31 Aug.1967 access date: 5 Dec 2018.

The Evolution Of Claws

The claw or the formation of making one with your hands is an amazing tool to help get a grip of an object or prey, or even to break something to get the materials inside. Humans even use this technique by using their index finger and thumb at a very young age to show affection toward another human, but that tends to hurt them. They are also used in adulthood for a similar affection and to enact sexual activity with their partner. In nature though, animals use claws in more of survivability, resource-gathering, and efficient manner. Some of these manners include communication, attracting mates, excavating burrows, gathering food, climbing, and scratching.

The most common usage of the claw is for gripping which is when an animal uses their claw to hold down their prey . Another type would be by attracting males by showing off their claw and color pattern on them, such as the fiddler crab that will be discussed later. The claws can be used to dig a burrow in the ground to protect them from hostile environment, such as the ghost crab. The claw can be used for climbing up steep walls, trees, mountains, etc as like the lizard species and how they evolved. Claws can be used to scratch and mark territory for other animals to see such as the black bear. Lastly I will talk about the earliest known species, the Teilhardina brandti that had both claws and nails and how they might have been the one that started the evolution of separating them into two different categories.

One type of species that I will talk about is the crab. Crab are a class of Malacostraca, order of Decapoda, and suborder of Pleocyemata. They are part of the Arthoropoda phylum which means they are invertebrate (they have an exoskeleton, paired jointed appendage, and a segmented body. Since they are also crustaceans, they form with other insects, myriapods, and arachnids, to make Euarthropoda. The crab’s exoskeleton is mostly made with chitins and they can be found anywhere in the ocean, and on land. I will talk more on how powerful the grip of a coconut crab can be, how fiddler crabs use their claws to attract mates, and how ghost crabs use their claws to dig deep burrow underground.

Another type of species is the lizard which uses their tiny but efficient claw to grip onto any types of surface. I will be talking about them in a broad sense so that you will know the advantage of tiny claws and large toes might give and vice versa. American Black bear, Ursus americanus, have many uses of their claws but I will show a study on how they mark their territory with them. Lastly we will talk about the Teilhardina brandti and that they might have evolved from claws to nails and started a new path in the Phylogenetic tree. This paper will show published work featuring the evolution of claws across studies of different animals and the many different usages of the claws. This also might help answer the question of how the claw on animal and nail on human came to be and why they have split in the evolution timeline.Now that I have introduce you to the many species that we will talk about, let’s start with the three species of crabs claw I have here.

Crabs are known for their huge claws (pinchers) since that is their main features. In this study Oka, Shin-Ichiro, et al. (2016), explore the crushing grip of the Coconut crab, Birgus latro, one of the largest terrestrial crustacean that can lift up to around 30 kg. Oka, Shin-Ichiro, et al. (2016), wanted to determine the pinching force of the coconut crab and how these animals acquired their mighty claws, by the usage of metric and ecological data (Oka, Shin-Ichiro, et al. 2016). Since there was no previous study on the actual pinching force Oka, Shin-Ichiro, et al. (2016) wanted to see for themselves. Oka, Shin-Ichiro, et al. (2016) also mention that the Coconut crab shared a common ancestor with the terrestrial hermit crab, Coenobita spp., but the coconut crab has lost dependency on the shells for protection during the adult stage and instead develops a calcified body.

29 wild coconut crab, Birgus latro, were collected from the northern part of Okinawa island to perform the pinching force measurement. Oka, Shin-Ichiro, et al. (2016) measured their thoracic length and body weight, which ranged from 16.2 to 64.5 mm and 33.0 to 2120 g. Each crab, now down to 23 coconut crab, was measured using their left claw to get the claw length, height, and width. The crab pinching force was measured using the device called SKYSCIENCE, SK-MBF-01F) Oka, Shin-Ichiro, et al. (2016). This device can measure the force exerted by the crab by having the crab pinch the stainless steel stick-shaped sensor. These sensors have load cells embedded in them which can accurately measure the pinch force to the nearest 0.1 kg. Once the measurement was obtained, it was then converted into newton and the crab was then released back to their capture point. Oka, Shin-Ichiro, et al. (2016) got a maximum pinch force range from 29.4 to 1765.2 N.

These values that they got were significantly greater than the pinching force of the proportional to muscle cross-sectional area they have predicted. Instead, Oka, Shin-Ichiro, et al. (2016), showed that coconut crab pinch force was greater than the force of any animal above 0.14 kg body weight. Oka and his research then track the coconut crab back to their similar ancestor, the hermit crab and see what evolved the coconut to have such large claws and no shell like the hermit crab. This is most likely due to the switch from shell protection to claw protection that most likely happens during the Pliocene era. Since the coconut crab has lost its shell due to the thorax and pleon hardening, this allowed them to grow exponentially bigger and calcification of the body to protect from predators. As they get bigger, they lose more predators and are able to freely consume a variety of food due to their large claw, which in terms turns them to predators themselves and have the ability to eat smaller crab and crack open the smaller crab shell which allows them to maintain their large body size.

When humans found them, they saw them cracking open coconut and gave them the name of coconut crab. Overall, these results suggest that coconut crab has evolved into using their claws for the sole purpose of crushing and protection. Fiddler crab is known for its massive claw when compared to its body ratio. These massive claws would seem like they would be used for crushing tiny nuts since fiddler crabs are quite small but were later disproven as fiddler crabs use their smaller claw to dig and find food in the sand. In this peer review, Mowles, Sophie L., et al. (2017) shows us how the male fiddler crab, Uca sp., uses their massive claws for mating display. Not only do the fiddler crab use their claw to attract mate, Mowles, Sophie L., et al. (2017) also shows us that in some species of the fiddler crab, they also produce an additional sound/signal by rapidly rubbing its claw together and creating a “drumming” noise toward the potential female mate.

In Mowles, Sophie L., et al. (2017) study they are trying to answer whether the additional “drumming” is just a reinforce information communication toward the female that the male fiddler crab want to mate (the redundant signal hypothesis) or does the “drumming” show different aspect of the male’s quality/fitness to the female (the multiple message hypothesis)? Female fiddler crabs prefer males with larger claws and that is waved at higher rates, female also goes of the mating system of comparative evaluation of males. They tested to see the different in number of wave the male fiddler crab would do when they had a female fiddler crab tied to a stick and was held at 10, 5, 2.5, and 0 cm from the male burrow. The results that Mowles, Sophie L., et al. (2017) got was that the further the female fiddler crab were, the more the male fiddler crab used their waving claw, as the female fiddler crab got closer, the male tended to switch from waving to drumming bouts significantly. This showed that there was a significant positive relationship between the total number of waving and drumming. Overall in this case studies, Mowles, Sophie L., et al. (2017) showed us that the fiddler crab used their large claws to attract potential mating partners and how they show off to the female.

Ghost crab, Ocypode cordimanus, are an unique type of crab in which they live in very hostile environments that have extreme weather changes which include going from extreme heat to extreme cold in a couple of days. Ghost crab anatomy for their claws allows them to scoop up the sand with one or both claws and hold it in a cradle shaped form like if a human was holding a baby. In this study, Watson, Gregory S., et al. (2018) have done their research in Warana beach, which is located in the Sunshine Coast region of Australia. They wanted to test the effectiveness of the ghost crab burrow and how it helped the crabs to survive. They randomly selected Ghost Crab burrows that were around 15m of the vegetation zone, which is where the highest density of ghost crab were. Watson, Gregory S., et al. (2018), then observed the crab burrow temperature around morning before sunrise (6-8am) and around noon to afternoon (12-4pm). They also wanted to test the crab’s thermo regulation too, and so they captured at random 35 crabs and took measure of them. After a day of putting the crab in a controlled environment, Watson, Gregory S., et al. (2018) picked 18 at random and were experimented on.

The result that Watson, Gregory S., et al. (2018) got were that the burrow during the morning when it was cold, were at a higher temperature and vice versa during late afternoon. When testing the crabs they have captured, they have found that the temperature of the crabs were very similar to the burrow rather than the temperature outside. Watson, Gregory S., et al. (2018) also found that the crab temperature that they experimented on changed rapidly when exposed to controlled temperature which show that ghost crabs can heat up or cool down extremely fast. Overall this study shows the efficiency of how well the Ghost crab can build their burrows.

Lizards are known for their ability to climb up walls and even defy gravity and stick to the ceiling! There are many types of lizards out there with many types of designed feet and toes. In this study, Zani. (2000) tested the relationship between toe and claw morphology and clinging performance to see if there is a correlation with one another. Zani. (2000) did this by examining the evolution trends across 85 lizards from 13 families. After many tests and measurement of the body size and what family the lizard came from, Zani. (2000) was able to make a comparison of both the claw and toe of a lizard do have correlation with the clinging performance. Zani. (2000) was able to come to a conclusion that lizards that have large toe width, claw curvature, and increase in adhesive lamellae number are able to perform better on clinging onto smooth surfaces. Also that lizards with longer claws and shorter toe are able to perform better on rough surfaces. Overall, this study shows the relationship of how lizards use their claws to climb surfaces and how lizard’s claws evolve over time to their surrounding environment.

American black bear, Ursus americanus, are the smallest but widely distributed bear species, they are omnivores which can vary depending on the seasons and location. In this study, Taylor, A. Preston, et al. (2015) will be examining the bears marking behaviors during their breeding season. They set up remote video cameras to capture the activity of the bears and see how they mark their territory and how they do it. They wanted to know the gender, age, and during what time of the day they did it. Taylor, A. Preston, et al. (2015) had to first find the right location and tree of where the bears mark their scent on most frequently during mating season. They decided to do their study in the northwestern California in Redwood National Park which has some of the highest density of black bears.

Taylor, A. Preston, et al. (2015) method is to set up six cameras to record marking events between April 25 to August 9 of 2013, these dates are chosen because that is when breeding season starts and finishes. The result that they were able to gather from the months of examination, were the many behaviors of how black bears mark their territory. The bears were examined to bite, back/belly rubbing, smelling the ground/tree, pede marking (twisting both back and front leg on the ground to leave a track, and scratching. Taylor, A. Preston, et al. (2015) were then assigned the bears into categories of gender and age. They found that out of the 31 bears they captured marking the tree, only 16 were able to be identified, in which they were all male.

They were also able to tell that 29 out of 31 bears were adult bears. Most of the marking were during the days and the most behavior marking was by bipedal marking and the least common were scratching and biting. Overall, this study showed that even though the american black bears did rarely use their claws to mark an area, it still shows how they use their claws to sometimes mark a tree other than just for climbing up trees. Teilhardina brandti is not a known species in today’s world but they were part of Omomyidae which is a family of early primates that lived during the Eocene era that happened between 55 to 34 million years ago.